Tuesday, September 29, 2009

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom.[1]
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation,[2] which he subsequently extended to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.
Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Brian Johnston and Josh Biamont, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow also studied the healthiest one percent of the college student population. In his book, The Farther Reaches of Human Nature, Maslow writes, "By ordinary standards of this kind of laboratory research... this simply was not research at all. My generalizations grew out of my selection of certain kinds of people. Obviously, other judges are needed."[4]
Contents
[hide]
• 1 Representations
• 2 Deficiency needs
o 2.1 Physiological needs
o 2.2 Safety needs
o 2.3 Social needs
o 2.4 Esteem
o 2.5 Self-Actualization
• 3 Self-transcendence
• 4 Success of offspring
• 5 Marketing
• 6 Criticisms
• 7 See also
• 8 References
• 9 External links

[edit]Representations
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is predetermined in order of importance.[5] It is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels: the lowest level is associated with physiological needs, while the uppermost level is associated with self-actualization needs, particularly those related to identity and purpose. The higher needs in this hierarchy only come into focus when the lower needs in the pyramid are met. Once an individual has moved upwards to the next level, needs in the lower level will no longer be prioritized. If a lower set of needs is no longer being met, the individual will temporarily re-prioritize those needs by focusing attention on the unfulfilled needs, but will not permanently regress to the lower level. For instance, a businessman at the esteem level who is diagnosed with cancer will spend a great deal of time concentrating on his health (physiological needs), but will continue to value his work performance (esteem needs) and will likely return to work during periods of remission. [6]
[edit]Deficiency needs
The lower four layers of the pyramid are what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "D-needs": physiological, safety and security, love and belonging, sexual intercourse and esteem. With the exception of the lowest (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense.
[edit]Physiological needs
For the most part, physiological needs are obvious - they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met (with the exception of clothing, shelter and sex), the human body simply cannot continue to function.
Physiological needs include:
 Breathing
 Homeostasis
 Water
 Sleep
 Food
 Sexual intercourse
 Clothing
 Shelter
[edit]Safety needs
With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take over and dominate their behavior. These needs have to do with people's yearning for a predictable, orderly world in which injustice and inconsistency are under control, the familiar frequent and the unfamiliar rare. In the world of work, these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, and the like.
For the most part, physiological and safety needs are reasonably well satisfied in the "First World." The obvious exceptions, of course, are people outside the mainstream — the poor and the disadvantaged. They still struggle to satisfy the basic physiological and safety needs. They are primarily concerned with survival: obtaining adequate food, clothing, shelter, and seeking justice from the dominant societal groups.
Safety and Security needs include:
 Personal security
 Financial security
 Health and well-being
 Safety net against accidents/illness and the adverse impacts
[edit]Social needs
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs is social. This psychological aspect of Maslow's hierarchy involves emotionally-based relationships in general, such as:
 Friendship
 Intimacy
 Having a supportive and communicative family
Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs ("Safety in numbers"), or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic, for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.
[edit]Esteem
All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect. Also known as the belonging need, esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex. People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. It may be noted, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.

Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-esteem, strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The last one is higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.
Maslow stresses the dangers associated with self-esteem based on fame and outer recognition instead of inner competence. Healthy self-respect is based on earned respect.
[edit]Self-Actualization
The motivation to realize one's own maximum potential and possibilities is considered to be the master motive or the only real motive, all other motives being its various forms. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the need for self-actualization is the final need that manifests when lower level needs have been satisfied. Classical Adlerian psychotherapy promotes this level of psychological development, utilizing the foundation of a 12-stage therapeutic model to realistically satisfy the basic needs, leading to an advanced stage of "meta-therapy," creative living, and self/other/task-actualization. Maslow's writings are used as inspirational resources.
[edit]Self-transcendence
Near the end of his life Maslow revealed that there was a level on the hierarchy that was above self-actualization: self-transcendence[7]. "[Transcenders] may be said to be much more often aware of the realm of Being (B-realm and B-cognition), to be living at the level of Being… to have unitive consciousness and “plateau experience” (serene and contemplative B-cognitions rather than climactic ones) … and to have or to have had peak experience (mystic, sacral, ecstatic) with illuminations or insights. Analysis of reality or cognitions which changed their view of the world and of themselves, perhaps occasionally, perhaps as a usual thing."[8] Maslow later did a study on 12 people he believed possessed the qualities of Self-transcendence. Many of the qualities were guilt for the misfortune of someone, creativity, humility, intelligence, and divergent thinking. They were mainly loners, had deep relationships, and were very normal on the outside. Maslow estimated that only 2% of the population will ever achieve this level of the hierarchy in their lifetime, and that it was absolutely impossible for a child to possess these traits.
[edit]Success of offspring
This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2008)
He stated that the achievements and success of his offspring were more satisfying than the personal fulfillment and growth characterized in self-actualization.
[edit]Marketing
Maslow's hierarchy is one of the first theories taught to marketing students as a basis for understanding consumers' motives for action. Marketers have historically looked towards consumers' needs to define their actions in the market. If producers design products meeting consumer needs, consumers will more often choose those products over those of competitors. Whichever product better fulfills this void will be chosen more frequently, thus increasing sales. This makes the model relevant to Transpersonal business studies.
[edit]Criticisms
While Maslow's theory was regarded as an improvement over previous theories of personality and motivation, it had its detractors. For example, in their extensive review of research which is dependent on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridgewell[9] found little evidence for the ranking of needs Maslow described, or even for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all. Chilean economist and philosopher Manfred Max-Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature - part of the condition of being human; poverty, he argues, is the result of any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or unfulfilled.

Friday, September 25, 2009

Special Economic Zone

prominent examples of this layered approach are Subic Bay Freeport Zone in the Philippines, the Aqaba Special Economic Zone Authority in Jordan, Sricity Multi-product SEZ and Mundra SEZ in India and According to World Bank estimates, as of 2007 there are more than 3,000 projects taking place in SEZs in 120 countries A Special Economic Zone (SEZ) is a geographical region that has economic laws that are more liberal than a country's typical economic laws. The category 'SEZ' covers a broad range of more specific zone types, including Free Trade Zones (FTZ), Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Free Zones (FZ), Industrial Estates (IE), Free Ports, Urban Enterprise Zones and others. Usually the goal of a structure is to increase foreign direct investment by foreign investors, typically an international business or a multinational corporation (MNC).
In the People's Republic of China, Special Economic Zones were founded by the central government under Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980s. The most successful Special Economic Zone in China, Shenzhen, has developed from a small village into a city with a population over 10 million within 20 years.
Following the Chinese examples, Special Economic Zones have been established in several countries, including Brazil, Iran, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, the Philippines, Poland,Republic of Korea, Russia, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates. Currently, Puno, Peru has been slated to become a "Zona Economica" by its president Alan Garcia.
A single SEZ can contain multiple 'specific' zones within its boundaries. The most worldwide.
SEZs have been implemented using a variety of institutional structures across the world ranging from fully public (government operator, government developer, government regulator) to 'fully' private (private operator, private developer, public regulator). In many cases, public sector operators and developers act as quasi-government agencies in that they have a pseudo-corporate institutional structure and have budgetary autonomy. SEZs are often developed under a public-private partnership arrangement, in which the public sector provides some level of support (provision of off-site infrastructure, equity investment, soft loans, bond issues, etc) to enable a private sector developer to obtain a reasonable rate of return on the project (typically 10-20% depending on risk levels).


[edit]China
Main article: Special Economic Zones of the People's Republic of China
Currently, the most prominent SEZ's in the country are Shenzhen, Xiamen, Shantou, Zhuhai and Hainan Province. It is notable that Shenzhen, Shantou, and Zhuhai are all in Guangdong province, and all are in the south of the country.
[edit]India
Considering the need to enhance foreign investment and promote exports from the country and realising the need that a level playing field must be made available to the domestic enterprises and manufacturers to be competitive globally, the Government of India had in April 2000 announced the introduction of Special Economic Zones policy in the country, deemed to be foreign territory for the purposes of trade operations, duties and tariffs. As of 2007, more than 500 SEZs have been proposed, 220 of which have been created. This has raised the concern of the World Bank, which questions the sustainability of such a large number of SEZs. The Special Economic Zones in India closely follow the PRC model.
India passed special economic zone act in 2005. In India, the government has been proactive in the development of the SEZs. They have formulated policies, reviewed them occasionally and have ensured that ample facilities are provided to the developers of the SEZs as well as to the companies setting up units in the SEZs.
[edit]List of SEZs in India
The policy provides for setting up of SEZs in the public, private, joint sector or by State Governments. One of them is Sricity Multi product SEZ, part of Sricity which is a developing satellite city in the epicentre of AP & TN. It was also envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones.
 Sricity (SEZ), (Andhra Pradesh) (http://www.sricity.in)
 MARG Swarnabhoomi (SEZs) for Engineering and Multi Services, (Tamil Nadu) (http://www.margswarnabhoomi.com)
 Hyderabad (Andhra Pradesh)
 Polepally (Andhra Pradesh)
 Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)
 Velankani SEZ, (Chennai) (http://www.velankanisez.com)
 Pharma and Biotech SEZ, Aurangabad, Maharashtra (http://www.inspirainfra.com)
 Ahmedabad, Baroda, Kandla and Surat (Gujarat)
 Cochin (Kerala)
 Pithampur (Madhya Pradesh)
 Nagpur also refer MIHAN, Pune and SEEPZ in Mumbai (Maharashtra)
 Chennai, Ilandaikulam Madurai, Nanguneri and Tirunelveli (Tamil Nadu)
 NOIDA, Greater NOIDA (Uttar Pradesh) UP
 Falta (West Bengal)
 Bangalore [Karnataka]
 Kensington [Powai, Mumbai]
 Mangalore (Karnataka)
Currently, India has 1022 units in operations in 9 functional SEZs, each an average size of 200 acres (0.81 km2). 8 Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been converted into SEZs. These are fully functional. All these SEZs are in various parts of the country in the private/joint sectors or by the State Government. But this process of planning and development is under question, as the states in which the SEZs have been approved are facing intense protests, from the farming community, accusing the government of forcibly snatching fertile land from them, at heavily discounted prices as against the prevailing prices in the commercial real estate industry. Also some reputed companies like Bajaj and others have commented against this policy and have suggested using barren and wasteland for setting up of SEZs.
Attempts to set up a Special Economic Zone in Nandigram have led to protests by villagers in the area. A Parliamentary Committee to study and give recommendations on SEZs has said that no further SEZs be notified unless the existing law is amended to incorporate the changes related to the land acquisitions.
Genpact has announced its plans to expand its presence in Hyderabad by setting up a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) across 50 acres (200,000 m2) in the city at Jawahar Nagar.

TATA Power to bid for more UMPP when market is good

Private power producer TATA Power said that it would bid for ultra mega power projects only when the market conditions are favorable and the company would only bid for domestic coal based projects as import of the dry fuel is quite expensive.

Mr S Ramakrishnan ED of TATA Power told reporters "We would bid for the 4,000 MW ultra mega power projects only under two conditions. It should not be imported coal based project and the financial market should be good.”

He added that "We are already importing coal for the Mundra project. We are sourcing it from Indonesia where we have 30% stake in the coal blocks.”

As imported coal is expensive, Mr Ramakrishnan said that "We cannot go for another imported fuel based project, at least in the near future."

TATA Power is currently executing the 4,000 MW Mundra UMPP in Gujarat. Out of the five 800 MW units of the project, two (2x800 MW) are scheduled to come up during the current XIth Five Year Plan 2007-12 period. The project entails an investment of INR 17,000 crore and is being funded on a debt and equity ratio of 75:25.

Thursday, September 24, 2009

Anti swine flu drug 'FLUVIR' now available in India

Mumbai: Hetero Healthcare Limited, an Indian drug manufacturer, today announced that the company's anti swine flu drug 'FLUVIR' is now available in retail markets across India.
________________________________________

The swine flu pandemic
Hetero is the only Indian pharma company to have the licensing rights from Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd to manufacture and supply Oseltamivir (generic name of anti H1N1flu drug) in India as well as in other 100 underdeveloped and developing countries.
Hetero brings to India FLUVIR (similar to Tamiflu) with collaboration benefits of expertise and back-up yielding product of international quality, a company release said here today.
FLUVIR is the first Oseltamivir drug launched in Indian retail market.
Before the Government notification of allowing retail sale of anti-viral drug Oseltamivir, the Centre procured 19 million FLUVIR capsules from Hetero to check the recent outbreak of deadly H1N1 flu in India, Srinivas Reddy, marketing director, Hetero said.
FLUVIR, which was available only through Government hospitals, will now be available in around 480 designated medical shops having Schedule X licence across the country, he said.
Reddy said responding to Centre's request to increase the production capacity from 100 million capsules per month to 200 million capsules per month, Hetero has come up with dedicated manufacturing facilities in Vishakapatnam exclusively to produce FLUVIR.
It is fully prepared with adequate raw materials and manufacturing capacities to meet the demand of FLUVIR to treat millions of swine flu patients, he said.
Persons who want to purchase the drug have to produce two copies of prescription of the drug, the company release said.
While selling this drug, pharmacists have to make a record of the prescriptions, name of the doctor and the person to whom it was sold. The price of the drug is Rs 450 for 10 capsules -- for a single therapy.
"With our manufacturing facilities exclusively for FLUVIR, Hetero will be able to deliver sufficient number of doses to treat more than 2 crore people in an emergency situation," Reddy said.

Wednesday, September 23, 2009

Anti swine flu drug 'FLUVIR' now available in India

Mumbai: Hetero Healthcare Limited, an Indian drug manufacturer, today announced that the company's anti swine flu drug 'FLUVIR' is now available in retail markets across India.
________________________________________

The swine flu pandemic
Hetero is the only Indian pharma company to have the licensing rights from Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd to manufacture and supply Oseltamivir (generic name of anti H1N1flu drug) in India as well as in other 100 underdeveloped and developing countries.
Hetero brings to India FLUVIR (similar to Tamiflu) with collaboration benefits of expertise and back-up yielding product of international quality, a company release said here today.
FLUVIR is the first Oseltamivir drug launched in Indian retail market.
Before the Government notification of allowing retail sale of anti-viral drug Oseltamivir, the Centre procured 19 million FLUVIR capsules from Hetero to check the recent outbreak of deadly H1N1 flu in India, Srinivas Reddy, marketing director, Hetero said.
FLUVIR, which was available only through Government hospitals, will now be available in around 480 designated medical shops having Schedule X licence across the country, he said.
Reddy said responding to Centre's request to increase the production capacity from 100 million capsules per month to 200 million capsules per month, Hetero has come up with dedicated manufacturing facilities in Vishakapatnam exclusively to produce FLUVIR.
It is fully prepared with adequate raw materials and manufacturing capacities to meet the demand of FLUVIR to treat millions of swine flu patients, he said.
Persons who want to purchase the drug have to produce two copies of prescription of the drug, the company release said.
While selling this drug, pharmacists have to make a record of the prescriptions, name of the doctor and the person to whom it was sold. The price of the drug is Rs 450 for 10 capsules -- for a single therapy.
"With our manufacturing facilities exclusively for FLUVIR, Hetero will be able to deliver sufficient number of doses to treat more than 2 crore people in an emergency situation," Reddy said.

Tuesday, September 22, 2009

ABC analysis

• ABC are classes of inventory item.

A is the most important and the most expensive- under a ABC regime for minimum stock value A should be managed by JIT since its value makes this close management cost-effective

B are intermediate and medium expensive- under a ABC regime for minimum stock value B should be managed by Kanban pulling- the micromanagement by JIT is not cost effective for this project but it should still be tracked methodically.

C are low value items- under an ABC regime for minimum stock value C should be managed by 2 bin- whereby two huge bins of (eg screws) item are kept and one is used at a time- when one runs out another is ordered and the next bin is used. The low value does not justify management- and any downtime because of running out would cost much more than the product itself.

In an analysis it is decided which products are A,B or C and exactly how they will be managed.


ABC anaylysis is a system in inventory management to minimise the cost of inventorries incorporated n which r stored for long time ,these are classified into ABC groups whreas A stand for the most expensive inventories which are purchased on customers demands so that it can b processed n thn given to them on priority basis , these items are carefully selected
B is classified for those goods which are less expensive thn A items n which can b stored for some time bfoe it is processed

c goes for those items which r cheap n also can b abuntenly used . these r items where its loss wont cost much to the company
hope i answered ur question well.....
o
o
o
The inventory materials are classified into 3 types
A grade materials - these materials are usally of high cost and is one of the main raw material in the production of the product and these materials should be protected carefully
B grade materials - these materials are the other parts which forms the part of a product
C grade materials - these materials low in quality and of low value but still form a part of the product
Ex - shoes here in shoes leather forms A grade materials , sole forms B grade materials and shoe lace forms C grade materials
this is ABC analysis in inventory mangement
In accounting, ABC stands for activity-based costing. In inventory or stock management, it's a method of stock control. It's basic assumption is that not all stock is equally valuable, therefore doesn't need the same kind of attention.

So you categorise all your stock according to its cost and quantity - and create a graph with cost shown on Y axis and quantity shown on X. From left to right, you place your stock from highest value to lowest. Typically, you see that a small portion of stock is the most valuable, and therefore needs maximum attention and resources - that's called 'A'. The next most valuable section of stock is B, the next is C and so on.

Basically it shows you which stocks need more attention and which need less. It helps in utilising resources for stock management more effectively.

Tuesday, September 15, 2009

THE MINIMUM WAGES ACT, 1948

I OBJECT: For fixing minimum rates of wages in certain employments.
II APPLICABILITY: It extends to the whole of India and applies to scheduled
employments in respect of which minimum rates of wages have been fixed under this act.
III SCHEDULED EMPLOYMENTS: An employment specified in the schedule, or any
process or branch of work forming part of such employment (Section-2g)
IV FIXING OF MINIMUM RATES OF WAGES:
i. The appropriate government shall fix the minimum rates pf wages payable to employees
employed in a scheduled employment.
ii. Review at such intervals not exceeding five years, the minimum rates of wages so fixed
and revise the minimum rates if necessary. The minimum rates of wages may be fixed as
a minimum time rate or a minimum piece rate or as a guaranteed time rate (Section-3).
V PAYMENT OF MINIMUM RATES OF WAGES: The employer shall pay to every
employee in a scheduled employment under him wages at the rate not less than the
minimum rates of wages fixed under the Act. (Section-12)
VI HOURS OF WORK, OVERTIME ETC
The Act also provides for regulation or working hours, overtime, weekly holidays and
overtime wages. Period and payment of wages, and deductions from wages are also
regulated. (Section—13 to 17)
VII CLAIMS UNDER THE ACT (Section-20) This section makes provisions to appoint
authorities to hear and decide all claims arising out of payment less than the minimum rates
of wages or any other monetary payments due under the Act. The presiding officers of the
Labour court and Deputy Labour Commissioners are the authorities appointed.
151
VIII WHO CAN FILE A CLAIM PETITION
i. The Employee or
ii. Any legal practitioner or any official of a regd. Trade union authorised in writing
to act on his behalf or
iii. Any Inspector or
iv. Any person acting with the permission of the authority under Section-20 (I)
IX REGISTERS AND RECORDS
Every employer shall maintain the following registers and records as required under the
Kerala Minimum Wages Rules 1958 enacted vide section-30 of the Act.
i. Register of wages in Form No. XI or Form XII
ii. A muster-roll in Form No. VI
iii. Register of fines, Form No. I
iv. Register of deductions for damage or loss in Form No. II
v. Register of overtime in Form No. V
vi. Visit book
vii. A wage slip in Form No. XIII shall be issued by every employer to every person
employed by him at least a day prior to the disbursement of wages.
X. NOTICE TO BE EXHIBITED: A notice in Form IV containing the minimum rates of
wages fixed together with the abstract of the Act, the rates made thereunder and the name
and address of the inspector shall be displayed in English and in a language understood by
the majority of the workers.
XI. ANNUAL RETURNS: Annual returns in Form III or Form III a as per rule 21 (4) (iii)
shall be submitted to the Inspector before the first day of the February of the succeeding
year.
XII. PRESERVATION OF REGISTERS: All the registers shall be preserved for a period of
three years after the date of last entry made therein
152
XIII. PENTALITY: Any employer who contravenes any of the provisions of this Act other
than those relating to Section 12 and 13 of any rule or any order made thereunder shall be
punishable with fine, which may extend to Rs.500. Any employer who contravenes the
provision relating to the payment of minimum rates of wages fixed (Section- 12) hours of
work stipulated for constituting a normal working day as per section 13 shall be
punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to six months or with fine
which may extend to Rs. 500/- or with both.
XIV. AUTHORITIES APPOINTED UNDER THE ACT:
1. Inspector: (Under Section-19)
a. Labour Commissioner
b. Additional Labour Commissioner (IR and E)
c. Regional Joint Labour Commissioners
d. Joint Labour Commissioner (P)
e. Chief Inspector of Plantations
f. Deputy Labour Commissioner (HQ)
g. Dist Labour Officer (HQ)
h. Additional Laboour Commissioner, Kozhikode
i. Dist Labour Officers (E)
j. Inspector of plantations
k. Asst. Labour Officers – Grade II
2. Claim Authorities (under Section –20)
a. Labour Courts
b. Deputy Labour Commissioners
3. Sanctioning Authority under Sec. 22
a. Labour Courts
b. The chief inspector of plantations Kottayam.
c. Dist. Labour officers (E)
NB. Rules wherever specified means “The Kerala Minimum Wages Rules 1958”.
153
LIST OF EMPLOYMENTS
a. EMPLOYMENTS ORIGINALLY INCLUDED IN THE SCHEDULE
1. Employment in any Woolen Carpet making or shawl Weaving Establishment (not fixed).
2. Employment in any Rice mill, Flour millor Dhall mill.
3. Employment in any Tobacco (including beedi making ) Manufactory.
4. Employment in any Plantation, that is to say, any estate which is maintained for the
purpose of growing cinchona, rubber, tea, coffee (or cardamom)
5. Employment in any Oil Mill.
6. Employment under any local authority.
7. Employment on the construction or maintenance of roads or in building operations.
8. Employment in stone breaking or stone crushing.
9. Employment in any lac manufactory (not fixed)
10. Employment in any Mica works (not fixed)
11. Employment in Public Motor Transport.
12. Employment in Tanneries and leather manufactory.
b. EMPLOYMENTS ADDED TO THE SCHEDULE BY THE STATE GOVERNMENT
13. Employment in the manufacture of Coir.
14. Employment in Salt Pan (not fixed)
15. Employment in Water Boat Transport, other motor boat Transport (not fixed)
16. Employment in Water Boat Transport, other motor boat Transport (not fixed).
17. Employment in Printing Presses
18. Employment in the Tile manufacturing Industry
19. Employment in Toddy tapping Industry
20. Employment in Match Industry.
21. Employment in Shops and Establishments (including Hotels and Restaurants)
22. Employment in Timber Industry.
23. Employment in bricks manufactories.
24. Employment in Banks (not fixed).
25. Employment in Handloom Industry.

Saturday, September 12, 2009

THE TRADE UNIONS’ ACT, 1926

I OBJECT: To provide for the registration of trade unions and to define law relating to
registered trade unions.
II APPLICABILITY: It extends to the whole of India.
III TRADE UNIONS: means any combination whether temporary or permanent formed
primarly for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers for
imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or business, and includes any
federation of two or more trade unions.
IV MODE OF REGISTRATION: Any seven or more members of a trade union may apply
for registration of a trade union in Form - A to the Registrar appointed for the area. The
application shall be accompanied by Schedule I, Schedule II and a byelaw and a resolution
authorising seven ordinary members of the union to make an application for registration of
the union, and a treasury chalan of Rs.100/- remitted as registration fee. (Section 4 and 5
read with Regulation: 3 & 5)
V REGISTRATION CERTIFICATE: On receipt of the application for registration, the Registrar,
after making reasonable enquiry issue a Registration Certificate in Form - B (Section 8 &
read with Regulation 6)
VI CANCELLATION OF REGISTRATION :
A certificate of Registration may be withdrawn or cancelled by the Registrar:
1. On an application of a Trade Union in Form-D, or
2. If the Registrar is satisfied that the certificate is obtained by fraud of mistake or that the
trade union had ceased to exist or willfully and after notice from the Registrar contravent
any provisions of the Act or rules etc. (Section 10 read with Regulations 8 to 12)
VII APPEAL : Any person aggrieved by any order of the Registrar may appeal within two months
to the Civil Court not inferior to the court of an Additional or Assistant Principal Civil Court.
(Section 11 read with Regulation 13)
VIII CHANGE OF NAME : Any registered trade union may with the consent of not less that
2/3 of its total members may make application in Form-H, for the change of its name
(Section - 23 read with Regulation - 16)
72
XI ANNUAL RETURNS: Every trade union shall send annual returns to the Registrar in triplicate
on or before the 1st day of May of the year succeeding the calendar year in Form-L in the case
of individual trade unions and in Form-LL in the case of federation of trade unions (Section 28
read with Regulation 21)
XII PENALTIES: Offences punishable for the failure to submit returns may extend to Rs.5/- and in
the case of continuing default with an additional fine which may extend to Rs.5/- for each week
and shall not exceed Rs.50.00. Any person who wilfully makes, or causes to be made any false
entry or any omission from the general statement required by Section 28 etc. shall be punishable
which may extend to Rs.500/-. Registered trade unions, furnishing false informations, shall be
punishable with fine which may extend to Rs.200/- (Section 31)
XIII WHO CAN FILE PROSECUTIONS:
1. Registrar
2. Persons with the previous sanction of the Registrar.
3. Aggreived person under Section 32.
The complaint shall be filed within six months of the date on which the offence is alleged to
have been committed.
No court inferior to that of a Presidency Magistrate or a Magistrate of First Class shall try
any offence under the Act.
XIV AUTHORITIES UNDER THE ACT:
1. Registrar of Trade Unions (under Section - 3)
Labour Commissioner
2. Additional Registrar of Trade Unions
Additional Labour Commissioner (IR & E)
3. Deputy Registrar of Trade Unions
Joint Labour Commissioner (P)
(Regulations wherever specified means The Kerala Trade Unions’ Regulations)
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IX AMALGAMATION OF TRADE UNIONS: Any two or more registered trade unions may
become amalgamated together as one trade union provided the votes of at least one half of the
members of each or every such trade union entitled to vote and at least 60% of the votes re
corded are in favour of the proposal. Notice of the amalgamation shall be sent to the Registrar in
duplicate in Form-J (Section 24 to 26 read with Regulation 18)
X DISSOLUTION: When a registered trade union is dissolved the notice of dissolution shall be
sent to the Registrar in Form - K, within 14 days of the dissolution along with the registration
certificate (Section 27 read with Regulation 19)

Friday, September 11, 2009

SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis of BHEL:

Strengths:
 Sound engineering base and ability to assimilate
 Relatively stable industrial relationship
 Access to contemporary technologies with the support from renowned collaborators.
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 Ability to set up power plants on turnkey basis, complete know- how for manufacture of
entire equipment is available with the company.
 Ability to manufacture or procure to supply spares.
 Fully equipped to take capital maintenance and servicing of the power plants.
 Largest source of domestic business leading to major presence and influence in the
market.
 Ability to successfully overhaul and renovate power stations equipment of different
international companies.
 Low labour cost.
 For non- BHEL products, services and spares are not easily available and if they are,
price charged are very high.
 Sound financial position in terms of profitability and solvency.
 Low debt equity ratio (even lower than 0.5:1) for all the years under study, enabling
company to raise capital.
Weaknesses:
 Difficulty in keeping up the commitments on the product delivery and desired sequence
of supplies.
 Larger delivery cycles in comparison with international suppliers of similar equipment.
 Inability to provide supplier’s credit, soft loans and financing of power projects.
 Lack of effective marketing infrastructure.
 Due to poor financial position of state electricity boards, which are the major customers
of BHEL in India, liquidity position of BHEL is not satisfactory.
 Being a public sector company BHEL is suffering from sub optimality of control due to:
1. Displacement of social objectives by political objectives, which may lead to
redundant costs and also rising costs.
2. Direct political intervention in managerial decision over an arm length relationship
that would restrict government’s task of setting appropriate managerial incentive
structure.
3. Private goals that lead to budget growth and employment growth.
4. Internal inefficiencies in bureaucratic activity.
Opportunities:
 Demand for power and hence plant equipment is expected to grow.
 Private sector power plants to offer expanded market as utilities suffers resource crunch.
 Ageing power plants would give rise to more spares and services business.
 Life expansion program for old power stations.
 Export opportunities.
 Easy processing of joint ventures/ collaboration/import/ acquisition of new technology.
 Financial and operational autonomy for profit making public sector enterprises. To make
the public sector more efficient government has decided to grant enhanced autonomy and
delegation of powers to the profit making public sector enterprises.
Threats:
 Increased competition both national and international.
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 Multilateral agencies reluctant to lend to power sector because of poor financial
management of S.E.Bs
 More concessions to private sector and not to government owned utilities like NTPC or
S.E.Bs, so future power projects would be opened up in private sector.
 Level playing ground not available, foreign companies spending much more on business
promotion tactics.

Difference b/w Domestic and International trade

Difference b/w Domestic and International trade
1. Mobility in Factor Of Production
•Domestic Trade: Free to move around factors of production like land, labor, capital and labor capital and entrepreneurship from one state to another within the same country
•International Trade: Quite restricted
2. Movement Of Goods
•Domestic trade: easier to move goods without much restrictions. Maybe need to pay sales tax,etc
•International Trade: Restricted due to complicated custom procedures and trade barriers like tariff, quotas or embargo
3. Usage of different currencies
•Domestic trade: same type of currency used
•International trade: different countries used different currencies
4. Broader markets
•Domestic trade: limited market due to limits in population, etc
•International trade: Broader markets
5. Language And Cultural Barriers
•Domestic trade: speak same language and practice same culture
•International trade: Communication challenges due to language and cultural barriers
Posted by MAHESH CHANDRA at 7:30 PM